Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache, 4/2004
Pages 287-292, Language: EnglishRobinson, Peter P. / Boissonade, Fiona M. / Loescher, Alison R. / Smith, Keith G. / Yates, Julian M. / Elcock, Claire / Bird, Emma V. / Davies, Shelley L. / Smith, Paula L. / Vora, Amit R.Injury to a branch of the trigeminal nerve may lead to the development of chronic pain in the affected area. The etiology of this condition is not clear, but there is strong evidence to suggest that spontaneous and mechanically induced neural discharge from the injury site plays a crucial role. In laboratory studies, we have characterized this discharge following injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual nerves and have shown a temporal association with the accumulation of neuropeptides in the damaged axons. Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were all found to be capable of increasing the discharge when applied systemically, and enkephalin caused a decrease. There were also changes in the expression of specific sodium channels and nitric oxide synthase, both at the injury site and in the trigeminal ganglion. Studies on lingual nerve neuromas taken from patients undergoing nerve repair also revealed accumulation of peptides, as well as inflammatory and structural changes, but the presence of these features did not correlate directly with the reported symptoms. The application of corticosteroids to an experimental injury site decreased the mechanically induced discharge, and the anticonvulsant carbamazepine reduced the spontaneous discharge in some axons. Some of the responses that result from damage to a branch of the trigeminal nerve appear to differ from those that follow damage to other peripheral nerves. These differences will need to be taken into account when developing new therapeutic approaches for the management of injury-induced trigeminal pain.
Keywords: ectopic discharge, nerve injury, neuropeptides, sodium channels, trigeminal nerve
The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 3/1992
Pages 395-400, Language: EnglishSmith, Keith G. / Franklin, Christopher D. / van Noort, Ric / Lamb, David J.The early histologic response to implantation of two newly developed machinable calcium phosphate ceramics was investigated. One of the materials is a machinable form of hydroxyapatite and the other a new machinable glass ceramic. One month following implantation, new bone had grown onto the surface of both implants. Further bone deposition and remodeling occurred during the ensuing 2 months. In the future, machinable qualities of these materials may make them extremely useful as implant materials.
Keywords: glass ceramic, hydroxyapatite, implant material, machinable
