Objective: To evaluate and quantify the prevalence and morphology of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) comparatively among healthy, periodontitis and edentulous mandibles using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: CBCT images of 1,070 hemimandibles from 535 consecutive patients, including 448 with healthy dentition, 42 with severe periodontitis mandibles and 45 with edentulous mandibles, were retrospectively analysed. MICs were identified, and linear measurements were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate differences in the prevalence and morphology of MICs relative to gender, laterality, age group and dental status. Results: The MIC was observed in 92.8% of 1,070 hemimandibles. No significant differences of MIC prevalence were found between left and right sides, or between healthy and periodontitis mandibles. However, males had a higher prevalence of MIC than females, and patients with dentate mandibles had a higher prevalence of MIC than those with edentulous mandibles. For dentate mandibles, MICs started most commonly below the first premolar (51.9%) and ended around the canine (58.5%). The mean diameter of MIC was 2.5 ± 0.5 mm at origin, and 20.6% of MICs began with a diameter of ≥ 3 mm. The mean length of MIC was 13.4 ± 3.3 mm. The mean distances from the MIC to the labial cortex, lingual cortex, alveolar ridge and inferior border of mandible were 3.7 ± 0.9, 5.1 ± 1.6, 19.5 ± 3.8 and 8.9 ± 1.7 mm, respectively. Moreover, significant differences of measurements were found relative to gender, age group, and dental status. Conclusion: Due to the large variations in size and course of MICs, special caution should be exercised in any individual surgery affecting the anterior mandible. Keywords: mandibular incisive canal, dentate mandible, edentulous mandible, cone-beam computed tomography