Purpose: To investigate the effects of different chemically modified titanium surfaces on protein adsorption and the osteoblastic differentiation of human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cells. Materials and Methods: Three different surfaces were evaluated. The first, a machined surface (Ti-M), was considered a control. The second surface was acid etched (Ti-AE). The third surface was prepared by exposing the Ti-AE samples to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (Ti-AAE). The surface characteristics of chemically modified titanium were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and profilometry. To evaluate the production of biomarkers, commercial kits were utilized. Results: Surface composition and morphology affected the kinetics of protein adsorption. Ti-AE surfaces manifested a greater affinity for fibronectin adsorption compared to Ti-M or Ti-AAE surfaces. It was observed that Ti-AE and Ti-AAE surfaces promoted significantly greater cell attachment compared to Ti-M surfaces. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin, and osteopontin on all 3 titanium surfaces. ALP activity and osteocalcin production up to day 12 suggested that differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts had occurred and that cells were expressing a bone-forming phenotype. Conclusions: It was thus concluded from this study that surface morphology and composition play a critical role in enhancing HEPM cell proliferation and differentiation into osteoblast cells. (More than 50 references) Keywords: cell attachment, cell proliferation, differentiation and mineralization, fibronectin, osteoblast precursor cells, protein adsorption