Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry, Volume 23/2025

Purpose: To trace the history of interdental brushes (IDBs) from their origins to the present, highlighting their development and future prospects compared to other interdental hygiene aids. Methods and Materials: A literature search using digital databases, manual reviews and on-site research in museums were carried out. Results: Although extensive literature exists on toothbrushes, flosses and toothpicks, there has been no comprehensive study of IDBs. Twisted brushes for oral hygiene were mentioned as ear-ly as the late 19th century. The exact origins of their use in interdental spaces remain unclear, but evidence narrows it to the early 20th century. IDBs have been in documented use since at least 1960, with publications emerging in the 1970s. Historically, evaluations of IDBs have been mixed, balancing high expectations with scepticism regarding efficacy and safety. By the early 21st century, IDBs were often considered superior for interdental cleaning. Advances included modifications in brush head designs, handle types, and the establishment of standards like ISO 16409, though these did not always facilitate proper selection and use. Conclusion: Recent literature still highlights limited evidence-based statements on IDB efficacy, with some questioning their superiority over other aids like dental floss. Consumer-friendly alternatives, such as rubber picks, are sometimes rated higher, however, without allowing for a final assessment. For IDBs to meet the standards of Frugal Dentistry, they must improve oral health, be widely demanded, and cost-effective. Future research should provide more precise indications for IDBs and scientifically sound recommendations for various sizes and designs, ensuring they are easy to use and effective for different interdental spaces. Palabras clave: historical milestones of interdental brushes, interdental cleaning, developments in interdental brushes, future indications for interdental brushes

Purpose: To examine the alterations in oral healthcare indicators subsequent to the administration of cetylpyridinium chloride. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, clinical data of 58 patients who received orthodontic treatment using removable appliances at our medical facility were collected. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they used cetylpyridinium chloride during orthodontic treatment: the combined group (n = 31, received 0.1% cetylpyridinium chloride gargle in addition to periodontal cleaning during the use of orthodontic appliances, with gargling applied three times daily for at least 1 min after meals) and the cleaning group (n = 27, received only periodontal cleaning). Data on oral healthcare were collected and analysed at 1, 3, and 6 months into the treatment regimen. The indices evaluated were gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth (PD), and plaque index (PLI). Results: Subsequent evaluations revealed that, at 3 and 6 months post-intervention, patients in the intervention group exhibited statistically lower scores in GI, SBI, and PLI when compared to the control group. Similarly, the PD measurements showed more statistically significant reductions at each follow-up interval — 1, 3, and 6 months — in the intervention group. IL-10 levels were notably higher in the intervention group at 6 months. Conclusion: Integrating cetylpyridinium chloride into the oral healthcare regimen for patients using removable orthodontic appliances has been shown to statistically significantly improve oral health, enhance periodontal functions, and reduce inflammatory responses in the gingival sulcus. Palabras clave: cetylpyridinium chloride, inflammatory cytokines, oral healthcare, removable orthodontic appliance

Purpose: Although fluoride is known to be effective and safe, an increasing number of parents refuse to allow fluoride applications for their children. This study aimed to compare the parents who accepted and rejected fluoride application for their children in terms of their attitudes toward fluoride and vaccinations, sociodemographic characteristics, and source of knowledge. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a previously validated questionnaire was administered to 85 parents who did not consent to have topical fluoride applied to their children’s teeth (AF group) and the 143 parents who consented to have it applied (F group) in a pediatric dentistry clinic. Data were analysed using the independent t-test and chi-squared test. Results: In the F group, the number of those who disagreed with the statement that fluoride causes intellectual disability, autism, and damages the pineal gland was statistically significantly higher than in the AF group (p 0.05). The most common source of information for the AF group was the internet/social media (67.06%), while for the F group, it was dentists/medical doctors (62.24%). More parents in the F group stated that childhood and Covid-19 vaccinations must be performed; this was a statistically significant difference (p 0.05). Conclusion: No relationship was found between fluoride hesitancy and the educational level of the parents. Most parents in the AF group have doubts and concerns about fluoride rather than being strongly opposed to it. Therefore, educational programs given to parents are likely to have a positive effect on their acquisition of correct information.

Purpose: Health education programmes play a crucial role in enhancing oral health literacy and improving treatment out-comes. However, myths and misconceptions about oral health are widespread, affecting individuals’ behaviours and their willingness to seek appropriate treatment. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral health myths and miscon-ceptions among adults in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and to explore potential associations with demographic factors. Materials and Methods: Participants from community health programmes in Taif (March–June 2024) completed a Google Forms questionnaire on dental myths. Eligibility criteria: adults (≥18 years) without cognitive, hearing, or vision impairments. The questionnaire included sociodemographic details and 22 myth-related questions. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), with significance set P ≤ 0.05. Results: The study included 429 participants. Knowledge of dental myths was highest in the ‘Dental Treatment’ domain (mean score: 6.42), followed by ‘Oral Hygiene Practices’ (3.46) and ‘Deciduous Teeth and Pregnancy’ (3.48). Higher education and healthcare-related majors were statistically significantly associated with better knowledge. Conversely, males and older age groups had lower knowledge scores. Conclusion: This study highlights the prevalence of dental myths in Taif and their association with demographic factors. Higher education- and healthcare-related fields correlate with better knowledge, but statistically significantly gaps remain, particu-larly among the less educated, certain occupational groups, males, and single individuals. Targeted educational interventions are essential to improving dental health knowledge and practices and enhancing oral health outcomes in the community. Palabras clave: demographic factors, health education, myths and misconceptions, oral health

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of peri-implant diseases and their potential risk indicators in a private practice setting. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated data from 390 subjects (mean age 55.8 ± 11.6 years) with implant-supported prosthetic reconstructions, who were enrolled in a maintenance program for 6.25 ± 3.36 years. Clinical evaluation included peri-implant probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and full-mouth plaque scores (FMPS). Radiographic evaluation was performed using retro-alveolar radiographs for each implant. Further, smoking habits, history of periodontitis, or tooth loss due to periodontal disease, presence/absence of keratinized mucosa ≥ 2 mm and the quality of the prosthetic restoration were also assessed. The prevalence of the peri-implant disease (at the subject/implant level) was determined and various potential risk indicators were evaluated by multi-level logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of peri-implant diseases was 37.7% and 23.3% at the subject and implant level, respectively. 14.3% of the subjects were diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis and 8.9% were diagnosed with advanced peri-implantitis (PI). PI was statistically significantly associated with poor (FMPS > 0.45, p 0.001) or moderate oral hygiene (FMPS: 0.3–0.45, p 0.001), a history of periodontitis (p 0.001), lack of keratinized tissue ≥2 mm (p 0.001) or implant function time > 5 years (p 0.001). Conclusion: In a private practice setting, a prevalence of peri-implant diseases of 37.7%/ 23.3% (subject/implant level) was found. Poor oral hygiene, history of periodontitis, a keratinized mucosa 2 mm and a time in function ≥ 5 years have been associated with the occurrence of peri-implant diseases.

Purpose: This in-vitro study was conducted to assess the fracture resistance of resin-bonded ceramic endocrowns with different designs at varying intracoronal depths. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight (n = 48) extracted mandibular first molar teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12). In the control group, the specimens remained untreated. Whereas the specimens in the test groups A, B, and C were decapitated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and endodontically treated. The test groups were prepared with a butt-joint design in a standardised manner with varying intracoronal depths. Groups A, B, and C were prepared to receive lithium disilicate endocrown with intracoronal cores at 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm, respectively. Crowns were fabricated as a non-anatomical design with a thickness of 3 mm. After ceramic bonding procedures, specimens underwent thermocyclic ageing prior to the fracture resistance test. Specimens were loaded at a 15-degree angle using the Universal Testing Machine and the failure modes were observed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square were utilised for data statistical analyses. Results: Significant statistical results in fracture resistance tests were found in all experimental groups. The highest load was found in group B, followed by group C, and lastly group A (P 0.05). Although endocrowns with no extension had the lowest fracture resistance, they showed a favourable cohesive failure with statistically no significant difference from the control group. Conclusion: In bonded ceramic endocrowns, the fracture resistance is not newcessarily proportional to the intracanal depth. The intrcoronal cores of 4 mm did not show the highest fracture resistance, and their mode of failure was catastrophic compared to endocrowns with no intracoronal extensions. Palabras clave: endocrown, fracture, intracoronal depth, resistance

Purpose: To compare remineralisation efficacy between silver diamine fluoride (SDF) combined with potassium iodide (KI) and sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish using hydroxyapatite (HAP) artificial white spot lesions (AWSLs) demineralisation model. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 HAP disks was randomly divided into five groups (n = 5): baseline, AWSLs, deionized water (DW), SDF-KI or F-varnish. After AWSLs were developed, the specimen was treated with either deionized water, SDF-KI or F-varnish. These specimens were then subjected to pH-cycling for 7 days. The remineralisation potential was assessed by measuring changes in Vickers hardness (VHN). Morphological and compositional analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) were utilised to measure calcium and fluoride release. Results: SDF-KI treatment demonstrated statistically significant remineralisation potential in restoring VHN values vs baseline levels (p 0.001). SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses confirmed the mineral deposits to indicate remineralisation. The uptake of calcium was higher in SDF-KI than in F-varnish (p = 0.011). The fluorapatite (FAP) and fluoride-substituted apatite formation were validated by FTIR and XRD analyses.Conclusion: SDF-KI and F-varnish applications are both effective in promoting remineralisation on HAP disks. The application of SDF-KI affected the physicochemical and mechanical properties of demineralised HAP. The SDF-KI showed more formation of fluoride-substituted apatite and is effective in the hardening of demineralised HAP. Palabras clave: demineralisation, potassium iodide, remineralisation, silver diamine fluoride, sodium fluoride

Purpose: To evaluate the oral health status of community-dwellers ≥ 45 years of age in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire (including sociodemographic factors, medical history, oral health behaviour) and a clinical examination comprising caries, periodontal disease, oral hygiene, and prosthetic rehabilitation. χ2/Fisher’s tests and Cochrane Armitage trend tests as well as a binary logistic regression were performed to assess the association between oral disease presence (i.e., periodontal disease [PSI (periodontal screening index) score 3-4] and/or active dental caries [ICDAS 4-6, root ICDAS 2]) and the independent variables. Results: A total of 275 participants were included in the present study: 154 (56%) males and 121 (44%) females, with a mean age of 69.7 years (SD 11.6). The majority presented with good oral health behaviour; 221 (86%) brushed their teeth at least twice daily, 196 (79%) had regular dental visits. Nevertheless, 82 (32%) participants presented with an approximal plaque index of > 50%. The older age groups and participants with bleeding gums had higher odds of having active dental caries and/or periodontal disease (65-74 years – OR 2.88 [95% CI 1.33–6.25], ≥75 years – OR 2.60 [95% CI 1.17–5.78], bleeding gums OR 3.52 [95% CI 1.07–11.50]). Conclusion: The present study shows an association between age, oral hygiene, and the presence of active caries and periodontal disease. The study highlights the importance of good oral hygiene maintenance, especially in older adults. Palabras clave: epidemiology, dental caries, oral health status, periodontal disease, public health

Purpose: To make micro-CT comparison and evaluation of sealant penetration depth in different types of fissures after heating of the material or application of vibrations. Materials and Methods: One hundred sound third molars have been sealed as follows: group 1 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant at room temperature, group 2 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant, preheated to 41.0°C, group 3 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant, preheated to 51.0°C, group 4 (n = 20), resin sealant with application of vibrations before light-curing at room temperature, group 5 (n = 20), resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. The samples were analysed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The profile of each fissure was classified, and the penetration depth of the sealant into the fissure and the fissure depth were measured. The ratio of filled area and total depth of the fissure was calculated in percentages. Results: Pre-heating of the sealants and the usage of a vibrating tool improved the penetration depth compared to the application of the material at room temperature. U- and V-type fissures exhibited better penetration capability than others. For IK-type fissures, the best penetration was observed with resin sealant heated at 51.0°C. I-shaped fissures exhibited lower penetration rates despite the heating process. Glass-ionomer cement showed the least depth penetration. Conclusion: Pre-heating of the resin sealant or application of vibrations improve statistically significantly penetration in the different fissure types. Palabras clave: caries prevention, sealant penetration, pits and fissures, sonic vibration, heat

Purpose: Oral health problems in patients with cancer can substantially affect their quality of life, treatment outcomes, and overall nutritional well-being. This study investigated the relationship between nutritional status and self-reported oral health complaints in patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with cancer at the King Saud University Medical City Oncology Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients’ nutritional status was assessed using the mini nutritional assessment short form (MNA-SF), and self-reported oral health problems were documented. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression. Results: This study included 200 participants who completed both the MNA-SF assessment and self-reported their oral health complaints. Common oral health problems included xerostomia (81%), bleeding gums (60.5%), toothaches (35%), and mouth ulcers (24%). Malnourished individuals reported higher rates of all oral complaints, with 54% of them experiencing bleeding gums, 50% reporting toothaches, and 54% experiencing speech problems. Notably, 71% of malnourished patients reported mouth ulcers (P 0.05). Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association (P 0.05) between xerostomia and the ‘At risk of malnutrition’ group, with an odds ratio of 1.004 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.411–2.449). In the ‘Malnourished’ category, mouth ulcers showed a statistically significant association (P 0.05) with an odds ratio of 1.402 (95% CI: 0.409–4.800). Conclusion: Our findings highlighted statistically significant correlations between nutritional status, as assessed using the MNA-SF, and oral health complaints in patients with cancer. Well-nourished individuals reported fewer oral complaints, whereas malnourished patients reported a higher prevalence of oral health issues. Palabras clave: BMI, cancer, malnutrition, mini nutritional assessment, oral health

Purpose: To assess the association between periodontal health and pregnancy or delivery complications in type 1 diabetic (TIDM) and non-diabetic pregnant women. Materials and Methods: 15 TIDM and 15 non-diabetic primiparous women were enrolled in the prospective case-control study. We compared periodontal status, levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), gestational week of birth, birth weight of a newborn and pregnancy or delivery complications between the groups. Results: TIDM pregnant women gave birth statistically significantly earlier (2 weeks) (p = 0.034), but not before the 37th week of gestation. The odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy or delivery complications was ~ 5 times greater (95% CI: 1.1–26.4; p = 0.033) and for Caesarean section (C-section) ~ 6 times greater (95%CI: 1.2–30.7; p = 0.032) in TIDM group. The association between periodontal disease (PD) and pregnancy or delivery complications was not statistically significant in either group. The presence of TIDM (p = 0.002; R2 = 0.28), a higher bleeding-on-probing/full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS) (p = 0.043; R2 = 0.14), and a higher level of HbA1c (p = 0.026; R2 = 0.16) were statistically significantly more often associated with an earlier gestational week of birth. Higher levels of HbA1c were statistically significantly positively associated with a higher frequency of pregnancy or delivery complications (p = 0.024) and a higher frequency of C-section (p = 0.051). Conclusion: There are strong indications that both endocrinological and periodontal therapy should form a part of preventive prenatal care. Palabras clave: C-section, gestational week of birth, periodontal disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioural habits, basic knowledge and handwashing habits of dental hygiene students regarding infection control procedures. Materials and Methods: 60 dental hygiene students answered 26 questions and one open-ended question on infection control procedures between May and June 2023. The questions were designed to assess dental hygiene students’ attitudes about infection control protocols and handwashing practices. Results: According to the results of the questionnaire, it was observed that students had a high awareness of the necessity of handwashing but a low awareness of other infection control methods. The main reasons for not washing hands were found to be lack of time and forgetfulness due to workload and lack of adequate handwashing areas. Conclusions: Providing adequate protective equipment, reducing the high workload that may cause forgetfulness and reducing physical deficiencies such as increasing the number of handwashing units are measures that can increase washes. It is important to increase the level of education and knowledge of healthcare professionals in line with current information on handwashing and infection prevention procedures. Palabras clave: dental hygiene, hand wash, infection

Objectives: To evaluate the oral health of professional footballers and to investigate possible determinants of oral health as well as the self-reported impacts on well-being, quality of life (QoL), and performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on professional soccer players of the Calabria region, Italy. The outcome measures were the following: DMFT (decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth), DMFS (decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth surfaces), BEWE (basic erosive wear examination), CPI (community periodontal index), CPITN (community periodontal index of treatment needs), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Results: One hundred and sixty footballers were recruited from seven clubs. The median age of the players was 25 years (19–39) years. The mean DMFT was 2.8 ± 2.9, and the multiple logistic regression analyses showed a positive association with frequent intake of drinks rich in sugar (OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.59–8.56) and sports drinks (OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.09–12.75). Dental erosions were present in 48.1% of footballers and periodontal diseases in 50%, with a positive association with frequent intake of energy drinks (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.09–7.51). The OHIP-14 showed that 30.6% of participants reported having had pain in their teeth/mouth/dentures occasionally. Conclusions: Results from the present study showed that the oral health of professional soccer players in Southern Italy was poor, especially regarding caries, erosion, and periodontal diseases. Moreover, OHIP-14 showed an impact on oral health in soccer players’ QoL, revealing that poor oral health negatively affected professional well-being and performance. Results suggest the need for prevention interventions for professional athletes. Palabras clave: epidemiology, oral health, caries, periodontal disease, soccer players, sports dentistry

Purpose: A direct association exists between caries and high-sugar diets. The aim of this study was to test whether the cariogenicity of diet assessed and analysed through a new mobile app is associated with caries risk among children. Materials and Methods: A total of 247 children, 2–15 years old, were recruited from university and hospital daycare centers and dental clinics. Diet was assessed via a 24-h recall, and caries (dmft/DMFT- ICDAS criteria) was documented through clinical examination. A mobile app was designed to analyse dietary data and calculate the diet’s cariogenicity. Demographics, daily meals, meal duration and type, and toothbrushing were entered. A diagram presenting an estimate of the oral pH was produced, showing the time interval during which caries may develop, and a calculated cariogenic dietary risk was generated. Multivariate logistic regression derived odds ratios estimating associations between the cariogenic diet and caries across three age groups. Results: A cariogenic diet analysed by the app was positively associated with dfmt (r = 0.477, p 0.001) in 2- to 6-year-old children, with dmft (r = 0.376, p 0.05) and DMFT (r = 0.271, p 0.05) in 7- to 11-year-old children, and with DMFT (r = 0.383, p 0.001) in 12- to 15-year-old children. Parents’ lower educational level was associated with a statistically significantly higher caries risk in younger children (p 0.05). Conclusion: Cariogenic diet evaluated with the new app was associated with increased caries, providing evidence of an accurate assessment among children. This app could assist dentists in providing dietary assessment and advice related to caries risk at the dental office in a more structured, educational, and time-saving way. Palabras clave: dental office, dietary advice, dietary assessment, mobile application

Purpose: To determine oral health myths and associated factors in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study carried out in an outpatient clinic of a public hospital in Lima, Peru, in a sample of 390 pregnant women (mean age = 30.02 ± 6.32 years) who answered a questionnaire of 61 items, comprising 39 oral health myths, 10 demographic/socioeconomic items, and 12 general health items. Multiple linear regression models were used with Jamovi v.17 at p 0.05. Results: Oral health myths were prevalent (33.6‒77.6%) and numerous (10 [7‒13] per pregnant woman), with common gestational or maternal beliefs associated with the presence of weakening of enamel/increased risk of caries and gingivitis, infection, or calcium loss; gingival bleeding and dental caries; risks posed by spicy food, medication, radiography, or anesthesia; and intense toothbrushing. Positive predictors of oral health myths were birth in geographical districts outside Lima, previous sexually transmitted disease and pre-eclampsia. Negative predictors were having more children, a higher educational level, better employment status, minimum monthly income, and history of smoking (R2 = 13%; F = 2.37; p 0.001). Conclusion: Pregnant women had a high prevalence of beliefs in a large number of oral health myths associated with birth in the geographical districts outside the capital city, less maternal experience, poorer educational, occupational and economic conditions, and obstetric-gynecological medical history. Palabras clave: myths, oral health, pregnant women.

Purpose: Dental neglect is defined as the failure of parents to take necessary measures to protect their child’s oral health, prevent pain and infection, and provide essential dental treatment. This study aims to assess the level of dental neglect among children in Eastern Turkey and its relation to their oral health. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved the 215 children and their parents. Dental neglect was measured using the Dental Neglect Scale (DNS), which consisted of seven Likert-scale questions (ranging from 1 to 5). A questionnaire also gathered demographic data. The DNS score was calculated by summing the responses, and the children’s oral health was assessed using the Oral Hygiene Index and the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Data were statistically analysed with significance set at p 0.05. Results: The average DMFT score was 7.24 ± 3.01, and the average DNS score was 16.24 ± 4.72. A statistically significant correlation was found between DMFT and the DNS score (correlation coefficient 0.162, p = 0.018). A statistically significant difference was noted between the mother’s education level and the Dental Neglect Score (p = 0.006), but no statistically significant differences were observed concerning paternal education, family income, or frequency of dental visits. Conclusion: High DMFT scores and low maternal education levels are linked to higher dental neglect. Mothers play a crucial role in their children’s oral health. Identifying mothers who do not provide adequate attention to their children as well as children in need of oral care is essential for implementing early, tailored interventions. Palabras clave: Dental Neglect Scale, DMFT, parents