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Purpose: To present a survival analysis of 133 consecutively placed moderately rough implants, all with a total follow-up of 20 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 133 implants of the same brand placed in 46 patients at the same county clinic in Sweden were followed up prospectively over 20 years and analyzed for survival and bone height, the latter evaluated in periapical radiographs. Results: A total of 7 implants failed, 4 of which were in the same patient. Implant failure was associated with a combination of smoking and bruxism in 5 of the 7 failed cases. A 20-year survival rate of 94.7% was observed. Average marginal bone loss (MBL) at 20 years of follow-up was 0.543 ± 1.193 mm, with 9 implants having more than 2 mm of MBL. A total of 20 patients with 25 implants dropped out of the study; however, if death of the patient is excluded as a dropout reason, only 3 implants in 3 patients were unaccounted for. Conclusions: Good clinical results in the 95% survival range were observed with moderately rough implants over a 20-year follow-up period. 

Purpose: To investigate the risk factors related to failure of removable partial dentures (RPDs) and to compare the survival of RPDs when abutment teeth have good vs reduced bone support. Materials and methods: In this longitudinal patient record-based cohort study with a mean follow-up of 44.9 months, Cox regression models were used to evaluate the associations between clinical covariates and abutment tooth failure, as well as prosthesis failure. Results: A total of 142 patients and 172 RPDs were included. Of the 172 prostheses, 64 (nearly 40%) failed after a mean time of about 4 years. Loss of abutment teeth was the main reason leading to RPD failure, followed closely by poor fit and adaptation. No factor was shown to be statistically significant at the prosthesis level. Women (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.542), endodontic treatment (HR = 3.460), presence of post and core (HR = 0.302), presence of a prosthetic crown (HR = 3.403), and abutment tooth type (in relation to incisor: canine HR = 0.196, premolar HR = 0.449) were the risk factors statistically significantly associated with the loss of abutment teeth. The pre-prosthesis amount of bone support of the teeth did not affect their prognosis as abutments for RPDs. Conclusion: RPD treatment modality presented a high failure rate after a mean follow-up of 4 years. Vital abutment teeth had a better survival rate than the ones treated endodontically (whether restored with or without a post and core); nevertheless, the amount of bone support did not affect their survival.

Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of tridimensional (3D)-printed guide-assisted flapless cortical bone micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) in the anterior mandible on a cadaver model. Materials and methods: Five human cadaver heads with complete dentition in the anterior mandible were used in the present study. Preplanning CBCT and intraoral surface scans were obtained. After alignment, drilling sites in the interradicular areas were planned from canine to canine, and a surgical guide was printed. The drilling was performed and a postprocedure CBCT scan was obtained to assess the accuracy of the procedure in relation to the virtual planning. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) mesiodistal interradicular space was 2.67 ± 0.84 mm. The mean ± SD error of the actual drilled hole compared with the planned position of the mesial drill site was 0.66 ± 0.33 mm, and to the distal drill site it was 0.56 ± 0.33 mm. There was a statistically significant difference between the number of times the teeth were hit mesially (10 out of 64 holes) and distally (none). Conclusions: The proposed technique, limited to an ex vivo scenario, provides a valid and reliable method for mandibular MOPs using a 3D-generated surgical guide. However, the risk of damaging adjacent radicular surfaces, particularly in areas with limited mesiodistal interradicular bone, needs to be considered. Further studies should focus on using thinner drills and adding other methods to stabilize the guide. Additionally, by selecting individuals and perforation sites with more mesiodistal interradicular bone, less damage is likely. (Int J Comput Dent 2022;25(4):387–0; doi: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b2599841) Keywords: corticotomy, guided surgery, 3D printing, micro-osteoperforations, accuracy, preorthodontic surgery

Purpose: To assess the clinical outcomes of maxillary overdentures supported by dental implants by conducting a literature review. Materials and methods: An electronic search was undertaken in March 2019. Eligibility criteria included publications reporting cases of implant-supported maxillary overdentures with follow-up information. Results: A total of 131 publications were included (1,478 overdentures supported by 6,681 implants). The mean number of attachments per overdenture was 3.8 ± 1.2 (range: 1 to 9), and a bar-clip system was used in about half of the cases. The prostheses were followed up for a mean of 47.9 ± 32.8 (range 1: to 240) months. A total of 401 implants (6.0%) failed in 219 patients (14.8%), and 55 prostheses (3.7%) failed at a mean of 40.2 ± 53.2 (6 to 240) months after placement. Most of the failures happened within the first year after placement for both implants (52.1%) and prostheses (41.8%). Patients with fewer implants per prosthesis presented higher prosthesis failure rates than patients with more implants per prosthesis. The cumulative survival rate for dental implants after 19 years was 70.4%, and for implant-supported maxillary overdentures was 79.8%. Presence of palatal coverage and/or metallic structure/reinforcement does not seem to have an influence on failure rate. Of the most commonly used attachment systems, the ball/O-ring and the Ceka were the ones with the highest rates of patients having at least one implant failure. Conclusion: Most of the prosthesis failures were due to loss of implants, and the first year was the most critical period for failures. The number of dental implants placed per patient seemed to have an impact on the occurrence of overdenture failure.

Purpose: To compare clinical and esthetic outcomes between immediately loaded single implants placed with and without a fully guided surgical procedure. Materials and Methods: Patients with a missing maxillary tooth (second premolar to second premolar) were considered for inclusion in this 1-year prospective nonrandomized study. Exclusion criteria were general health contraindications for oral surgery besides the need for bone grafting or ridge augmentation. One group received digital implant planning, fully guided surgery, and immediate loading (DIL). The other group received freehand surgery and immediate loading (IL). Outcome measures were implant survival, marginal bone loss, soft tissue changes, papilla index, pink and white esthetic scores (PES and WES, respectively), and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Results: Two of 21 implants failed in the DIL group soon after placement, resulting in a 1-year implant survival rate of 90.5%, while no implants failed in the IL group. Significantly higher papilla index scores and lower soft tissue changes were found for the DIL group compared to the IL group. No differences were found after 1 year regarding marginal bone loss, PES, WES, or PROMs. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, immediate loading in combination with fully guided surgery might negatively affect implant survival. Immediate loading, fully guided surgery, and a digital workflow appear to have a positive effect on early soft tissue adaptation.

Aim: To describe general observations of immunological reactions to foreign materials and to realize that CP titanium gives rise to a foreign body reaction with subsequent bone embedment when placed as oral implants. To analyse the possibility of titanium allergy. Materials and methods: The present paper is of a narrative review type. Hand and Medline searches were performed to evaluate marginal bone loss of oral implants and the potential of titanium allergy. Results: Immunological reactions to foreign substances include Type I hypersensitivity reactions such as allergy, Type II hypersensitivity reactions characterised by IgM or IgG antibodies that may react with blood group antigens at transfusion, and Type III hypersensitivity caused by antigen-antibody immune complexes exemplified by acute serum sickness. There is also Type IV hypersensitivity, or delayed hypersensitivity, which is typically found in drug and foreign body reactions. It proved very difficult to find a universally acceptable definition of reasons for marginal bone loss around oral implants, which lead to most varying figures of so-called peri-implantitis being 1% to 2% in some 10-year follow-up papers to between 28% and 56% of all placed implants in other papers. It was recognised that bone resorption to oral as well as orthopaedic implants may be due to immunological reactions. Today, osseointegration is seen as an immune-modulated inflammatory process where the immune system is locally either up- or downregulated. Titanium implant allergy is a rare condition, if it exists. The authors found only two papers presenting strong evidence of allergy to CP titanium, but with the lack of universally accepted and tested patch tests, the precise diagnosis is difficult. Conclusions: CP titanium acts as a foreign body when placed in live tissues. There may be immunological reasons behind marginal bone loss. Titanium allergy may exist in rare cases, but there is a lack of properly designed and analysed patch tests at present. Keywords: foreign body reactions, marginal bone loss, titanium allergy

The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate reported survival rate and marginal bone (MBL) loss of implants with different surface roughness and followed up for 10 years or longer. For the majority of the 62 included clinical studies, no direct comparison between different surfaces was made, thus our report is mainly based on reported survival rates and marginal bone loss for individual implant brands with known surface roughness. The survival rate was 82.9 to 100% for all implants after 10 or more years in function and the marginal bone loss was, on average, less than 2.0 mm for all implant surfaces included, i.e. turned, titanium plasma sprayed (TPS), blasted, anodised, blasted and acid-etched but the turned surface in general demonstrated the smallest MBL. However, the survival rates were in general higher for moderately rough surfaces. The roughest TPS surface demonstrated the highest probability for failure, while the anodised showed the lowest probability. In conclusion, the present systematic review demonstrates that it is possible to achieve very good long-term results with all types of included surfaces. Keywords: clinical outcome, surface roughness, systematic review, 10 years or more

Purpose: One of the suggested methods for enhancing osseointegration is the local application of drug agents around implant surfaces. The aim of this review was to evaluate the methods most commonly used for local drug and chemical compound delivery to implant sites and assess their influence on osseointegration. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was undertaken in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase). The search was limited to animal experiments using endosseous implants combined with local drug delivery systems. Meta-analyses were performed for the outcome bone-to-implant contact (BIC). Results: Sixty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Calcium phosphate (CaP), bisphosphonates (BPs), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were the most commonly used chemical compounds. There were two main methods for local drug delivery at the bone-implant interface: (1) directly from an implant surface by coating or immobilizing techniques, and (2) the local application of drugs to the implant site, using carriers. There was a statistically significant increase in BIC for both local drug delivery methods (P = .02 and P .0001, respectively) compared with the control methods. There was a statistically significant increase in BIC when CaP (P = .0001) and BMPs (P = .02) were either coating implants or were delivered to the implant site, in comparison to when drugs were not used. The difference was not significant for the use of BPs (P = .15). Conclusion: It is suggested that the use of local chemical compound delivery systems around implants could significantly improve implant osseointegration in animal models. It is a matter of debate whether these in vivo results might have some significant effect in the human clinical setting in the long term. Keywords: animal models, bone-to-implant contact, dental implants, drug delivery, meta-analysis, osseointegration, systematic review

Purpose: The aims of this clinical study were to retrospectively evaluate implant survival, patient satisfaction, and radiographic, clinical, and esthetic outcomes following single-implant treatment. Materials and Methods: Eighty-seven patients, with a total of 126 implants (XiVE S, Dentsply Implants), who received single implant-retained crowns between 2004 and 2011 were retrospectively evaluated. Implant survival, marginal bone levels (MBL), changes in implant/mesial tooth vertical relationship, pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES), patient assessment of the esthetics (visual analog scale), and oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) were evaluated. Results: Altogether, 59 patients with a total of 85 implants attended a final clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. The mean ages of males and females at implant placement were 19.78 and 22.58 years, respectively. The mean total follow-up time from the implant surgical date was 7.51 years. The 5-year implant clinical survival rate (CSR) was 98.4% (95% CI: 96.3%-100%), and crown CSR was 91.8% (95% CI: 86.3%-97.3%). The overall mean change in MBL was -0.19 mm. No significant differences were found between the different implant diameters (3.0, 3.4, and 3.8 mm) with regard to change in MBL. Mean increase in implant infraposition was 0.13 mm. With regard to esthetics, mean initial and final total PES were 9.61 and 11.49, respectively (P .001). The mean WES was 6.48 at follow-up. Patients' mean assessment of soft tissue esthetics and implant-supported crown appearance were 73.5 and 82.1 (maximum score 100). At the follow-up examination, the additive OHIP-14 score was 16.11. Conclusion: This retrospective study of XiVE S implants found excellent survival rates and showed good clinical outcomes concerning patient-centered findings, esthetics, and marginal bone preservation. In context, it is important to stress that this study consisted of mostly young patients with agenesis who were treated by experienced clinicians. Keywords: agenesis, esthetics, infraposition, marginal bone level, patient satisfaction, patient-centered outcome, PES, pink esthetic score, single implant, WES, white esthetic score