Clinical perspective on hydraulic materials developed for root-end surgery

Root-end surgery is necessary when primary endodontic treatment fails and the tooth cannot be managed successfully by conventional retreatment strategies. Over the last two decades, root-end surgical techniques have changed considerably due to the introduction of microscopes, ultrasonic instruments and dedicated root-end filling materials. This clinical perspective focuses on the development and use of hydraulic calcium silicate materials for root-end surgery. Parole chiave: clinical protocols, hydraulic calcium silicate cements, material properties, root-end surgery