Purpose: The aim of this study was to report the distribution of patients with early implant failures after implant treatment in the edentulous jaw with regard to age at surgery and association with patient mortality over a 15-year period. Materials and Methods: All consecutively treated patients treated in the edentulous jaw at a single specialist clinic from 1986 to 1997 were included and followed up for 1 year for implant failures and for 15 years with regard to patient mortality. Patients were arranged into age groups, and life tables for patients and reference groups of patients with comparable age (based on national population data) were calculated. Log rank test was used to test differences in patient survival between those with reported early implant failures and those with no early failures. Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test was used to test association between proportions of implant failures and age groups. Results: A total of 55 patients were excluded because they were not living in Sweden (nonresidents/emigrated). Altogether, 2,566 patients were included, with a mean age of 65 years (SD: 11). Of these, 988 patients were deceased during the 15 years of followup (38%), and 291 presented an early implant failure (11.3%), most of them before prosthesis placement (72%). Patients with early implant failures presented higher mortality rates than patients with no failures (P .05), and failure rates decreased consistently from younger to higher age groups (P .05). Conclusion: Patients in the younger age groups showed an increased mortality compared with the reference group (P .05) and a higher prevalence of early failures compared with older patients (P .05). Older patients showed an opposing pattern of lower mortality compared with reference groups of comparable age (P .05), but both younger and older patients with early failures showed a higher mortality compared to patients with no failures (P .05).