Single-visit endodontic therapy is an old concept in clinical practice. However, the controversy still exists as to which root canal treatment option is best between single- and multiple-visit endodontic therapies. Initially considered as a radical and substandard procedure, single-visit endodontic therapy is now being considered as a good alternative to multiple-visit endodontic treatment. This is due to the introduction of new and improved technologies and materials in endodontics, including surgical microscopes, NiTi rotary instrument systems, newer more reliable apex locaters, ultrasonics and newer obturation systems. This review article highlights the indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, guidelines and criteria for evaluation of single-visit endodontic therapy. The review also emphasises the evidence-based practice for single-visit endodontic therapy in clinics, based on the available current literature on this issue. Schlagwörter: post-operative pain, retreatment, single-visit endodontic therapy, success