Purpose: This investigation compared initial and fatigue strengths of particle-abraded ceramics to those of as-polished alumina and zirconia ceramics in crown-like layer structures. Materials and Methods: Alumina or zirconia plates bonded to polycarbonate substrates were subjected to single-cycle and multi-cycle contact (fatigue) loading. Cementation surfaces of the ceramic were damaged by controlled particle abrasion, indentation with a sharp diamond at low load, or a blunt indenter at high load. The stresses needed to initiate radial fractures were evaluated. Results: The strengths of specimens were lowered by fatigue loading. After the equivalent of 1 year of occlusal contacts, the strengths of undamaged specimens degraded to approximately half of their single-cycle values. In particle-abraded specimens, an additional 20% to 30% drop in strength occurred after several hundred load cycles. Particle abrasion damage was approximately equivalent to damage from sharp indentation at low load or blunt indentation at high load. Conclusion: Damage from particle abrasion, not necessarily immediately apparent, compromised the fatigue strength of zirconia and alumina ceramics in crown-like structures. In fatigue, small flaws introduced by particle abrasion can outweigh any countervailing strengthening effect from compression associated with surface damage or, in the case of zirconia, with phase transformation.