The effects of cognitive-behavioral treatment for patients with temporomandibular disorders were studied by comparing active treatment to a wait-list control condition. Patients were predominantly women and had been referred to the study after having poor response to dental/physical medicine care. Patients' conditions were evaluated pretreatment and posttreatment based on self-report measures of pain, distress, and jaw function problems. They were examined by a dentist who assessed pain-free opening, muscle palpation pain, and tenderness of the temporomandibular joints. The 5-week cognitive-behavioral treatment included relaxation training, self-monitoring of stressors, and cognitive coping strategies. Treatment had its greatest impact on improving mood, especially anxiety; however, there were some effects on the patients' experiences of pain.